Total functions

There are twelve TOTAL FUNCTIONS which are located in the 'Total' drop-down list in the design grid. The Total functions perform the following calculations:

GROUP BY--allows the user to identify the groups for which the calculations will be performed

SUM--totals all of a field's values

AVG--averages a field's values

MIN--finds the lowest value in a field

MAX--finds the highest value in a field

COUNT--counts the number of values in a field, excluding null (blank) values

STDEV--calculates the standard deviation (measure of how wide values are dispersed in relation to their average) of a field's values

VAR--calculates the variance (the standard deviation squared) of a field's values

FIRST--displays the field value of the first record in the query result set

LAST--displays the field value of the last record in the query result set

EXPRESSION--allows the user to create a calculated field (a field that shows the result of an expression) that has an aggregate function (a function that does not consider null values in calculations)

WHERE--allows the user to create criteria for a field not defined by groupings